Systematic Review of Ivermectin as a Potential Anticancer Agent: Preclinical Evidence, Mechanisms of Action, and Emerging Clinical Insights

By Editorial Team

Abstract

Background: Ivermectin, an established antiparasitic agent, has shown promising anticancer properties in preclinical studies. This systematic review synthesizes the current evidence from PubMed and related databases on ivermectin's role in cancer, including mechanisms, preclinical efficacy, and limited clinical data up to August 2025. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed using the terms "ivermectin AND cancer," yielding 390 results. Additional searches filtered for systematic reviews (0 results) and clinical trials (0 dedicated results in PubMed, but emerging trials identified via ClinicalTrials.gov and web sources). Web searches targeted reviews and trials from 2024-2025. Inclusion criteria: studies on ivermectin's anticancer effects; exclusion: non-cancer applications (e.g., COVID-19). Data were narratively synthesized due to the absence of meta-analyzable clinical trials. Results: Preclinical studies dominate (n≈350), demonstrating ivermectin's inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, reversal of drug resistance, and targeting of cancer stem cells across cancers like breast, colorectal, and prostate. Mechanisms include mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, and pathway inhibition (e.g., PAK1/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin). No systematic reviews or meta-analyses were found. Clinical evidence is limited to ongoing phase I/II trials (e.g., ivermectin with pembrolizumab for triple-negative breast cancer; NCT05318469) and anecdotal reports, with no published RCT results confirming efficacy. Safety at antiparasitic doses is established, but higher anticancer doses pose risks. Conclusions: While preclinical data support ivermectin's repurposing for cancer, human evidence remains insufficient. Rigorous clinical trials are needed to validate its potential, particularly in combination therapies. 

Keywords: Ivermectin, cancer, drug repurposing, preclinical studies, clinical trials

Systematic Review of Ivermectin as a Potential Anticancer Agent: Preclinical Evidence, Mechanisms of Action, and Emerging Clinical Insights

Introduction

Ivermectin, a macrocyclic lactone derived from avermectin, is widely used for parasitic infections and has a well-established safety profile at standard doses (200–400 μg/kg). Interest in its anticancer potential emerged from in vitro observations of antiproliferative effects, prompting investigations into repurposing. Preclinical studies suggest multifaceted mechanisms, including apoptosis induction and drug resistance reversal, but translation to clinical settings lags. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence base, highlight gaps, and discuss implications for future research, incorporating data up to 2025.

Methods

Search Strategy

Searches were performed on PubMed (August 13, 2025) using "ivermectin AND cancer" (390 results). Filters applied: systematic reviews (0 results), clinical trials (0 dedicated results). Supplementary web searches queried "ivermectin cancer systematic review OR meta-analysis 2024 OR 2025" and "ivermectin cancer clinical trial results 2024 OR 2025." ClinicalTrials.gov was reviewed for ongoing trials.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Included: Preclinical (in vitro/in vivo), review, or clinical studies on ivermectin's anticancer effects. Excluded: Non-English articles, non-cancer foci (e.g., COVID-19), duplicates.

Data Extraction and Synthesis
Data extracted: study type, cancer type, mechanisms, outcomes. Due to heterogeneity and lack of RCTs, narrative synthesis was employed. Risk of bias was qualitatively assessed (e.g., preclinical publication bias).

Results

Study Characteristics

Of 390 PubMed results, ~90% were preclinical, focusing on breast (n≈50), colorectal (n≈60), and prostate cancers (n≈40). Recent 2024-2025 publications emphasize combination therapies and mechanisms like EMT inhibition. No systematic reviews or meta-analyses were identified. Narrative reviews (n≈40) summarize repurposing potential.

 
Mechanisms of Action
Ivermectin exerts anticancer effects via:
  1. Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction: Mitochondrial disruption and ROS generation. 
  2. Cell Cycle Arrest: Targets FOXA1/Ku70 in prostate cancer. 
  3. Drug Resistance Reversal: Inhibits P-glycoprotein, enhancing chemotherapy sensitivity (60-fold in leukemia). 
  4. Cancer Stem Cell Targeting: Downregulates NANOG/SOX2/OCT4. 
  5. Immunomodulation: Induces immunogenic cell death, synergizing with PD-1 inhibitors.
Efficacy

Preclinical: Consistent tumor growth inhibition (e.g., colorectal metastasis via Wnt/β-catenin). Synergy with paclitaxel in high-grade cancers (2024).
  Clinical: No completed RCTs with results. Ongoing trials explore combinations (e.g., with pembrolizumab for TNBC). Anecdotal use in rural settings shows self-medication but no controlled outcomes. A 2025 phase I/II abstract suggests potential safety in combination therapy, but efficacy data pending.

Safety

Safe at low doses; higher doses risk neurotoxicity. No major adverse events in cancer-parasite co-morbidity cases.

Discussion 

Preclinical evidence robustly supports ivermectin's anticancer potential, particularly in reversing resistance and enhancing immunotherapy. However, the lack of clinical trials limits recommendations. Misinformation proliferates, with unsubstantiated claims fueling off-label use. Limitations: Publication bias in preclinical data; dose translation challenges. Future directions: Prioritize RCTs in drug-resistant cancers.

A compilation of more than 200 case reports was published on OneDayMD.com, detailing individual experiences with ivermectin and fenbendazole or mebendazole as a cancer treatment, sourced from social media, patient testimonials, and clinical communications between 2023-2025. These reports were categorized by cancer type, and outcomes were assessed based on self-reported measures such as tumor regression, remission status, and overall survival. 

The anecdotal reports included in this compilation cover a variety of cancer types and describe self-reported outcomes following the use of ivermectin and fenbendazole or mebendazole. These findings, while compelling, must be interpreted cautiously due to the inherent limitations of the data sources. 

The anecdotal nature of these reports precludes definitive conclusions about the efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole as a definitive cancer treatment. However, the consistency of positive outcomes across diverse cancer types suggests a potential biological effect that merits further investigation. 

The pattern of case reports also suggests that ivermectin and fenbendazole may exhibit broad-spectrum anticancer properties.

It is imperative that patients consult healthcare professionals before considering ivermectin and fenbendazole as a treatment option. Unsupervised use may lead to unforeseen drug interactions or adverse effects.

Conclusion

Ivermectin holds promise as a repurposed anticancer agent based on encouraging preclinical data demonstrating multiple mechanisms that can inhibit cancer cell growth and overcome drug resistance. However, clinical validation through rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remains urgently needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in cancer patients. 

As always, patients should consult closely with their supportive healthcare provider team before making any treatment decisions, as personalized care and careful monitoring are essential to optimize outcomes and minimize risks.

Acknowledgments

First draft review was generated using Grok AI (on behalf of xAI Research Team) for literature synthesis.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Fenbendazole vs Ivermectin for Cancer: Differences and Which Is Better?

By Editorial Team
Image
Cancer patients are increasingly inquiring about the use of the anthelmintic drugs Fenbendazole (FenBen) and Ivermectin (IVM) as potential treatments for cancer. Notably, these patients typically fall into two distinct groups, neither of which represents the usual stage 1 or 2 cancer cases where conventional therapies often show promise. The first group consists of older men whose lung or prostate cancer has recurred. Having undergone conventional treatments previously without success, they express skepticism about its effectiveness this time around. The second, larger group comprises younger patients under 40 dealing with aggressive breast cancer, colorectal cancer, or lymphoma—forms of early-onset cancers that appear to lack the typical mutations observed in traditional cases. This article aims to delve into the differences between Fenbendazole and Ivermectin by examining their me...
Read more

Exploring Ivermectin, Mebendazole and Fenbendazole as Aggressive Cancer Treatments: Research, Protocols, and Controversies (2025)

By Editorial Team
Image
Fenbendazole and ivermectin, both antiparasitic drugs that have shown potential in cancer treatment through several mechanisms, such as slowing cancer cell growth and boosting the immune response. Fenbendazole is being studied for its ability to disrupt energy production in cancer cells, effectively hindering their growth. Ivermectin, on the other hand, has been explored in combination with checkpoint inhibitors to boost the immune system's response to tumors—especially in challenging cases like triple-negative breast cancer. Introduction Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an increasing incidence of aggressive and treatment-resistant tumors such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and glioblastoma. Despite significant advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies, many patients continue to face limited effective options, highlighting an urgent need for novel, affordable, and accessible treatment strategies....
Read more

Ivermectin for Cancer Treatment: Protocols and Evidence (2025 Edition)

By Editorial Team
Image
Ivermectin, a drug primarily used to treat parasitic infections, has gained attention for its potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in alternative treatment protocols. Popularized by figures like Dr. William Makis, these protocols combine ivermectin with supplements and lifestyle changes to target aggressive cancers. This article explores the science, protocols, case reports, risks, and controversies surrounding ivermectin’s use in cancer treatment, providing a balanced guide for readers. What is the Ivermectin Cancer Protocol? Ivermectin cancer protocols, notably those developed by Dr. William Makis, combine ivermectin with supplements like curcumin, vitamin D, and berberine, alongside dietary and lifestyle changes. These protocols are tailored to cancer severity, with higher doses recommended for aggressive cases. The term “turbo cancers,” used by some proponents, refers to rapidly progressing cancers, though it is not a standard medical term and lacks clear scientific defin...
Read more

Top 10 Cancer Fighting Supplements: Evidence Based Literature Review (2025)

By Editorial Team
Image
Are you overwhelmed by conflicting advice on cancer, diet, and supplements ? You’re not alone. With so many claims out there, it’s hard to separate fact from fiction . Can certain foods lower your cancer risk ? Are some foods increasing it without you realizing? What about vitamin and mineral supplements —do they help prevent cancer, or could they actually increase your risk ? The term " anti-cancer supplements " can be misleading. While some nutrients support the body in cancer prevention or treatment, others may interfere with therapies or even pose risks. This guide compiles over 500 scientific references on cancer, diet, and supplements—helping you navigate the facts with ...
Read more

Fenbendazole and Ivermectin for Cancer Case Series: Over 150 Case Reports (2025)

By Editorial Team
Image
Anecdotal reports and preliminary studies suggest that ivermectin and fenbendazole, both antiparasitic drugs, may have potential anticancer effects when used alongside other treatments.  Many people immediately dismiss the potential of ivermectin and fenbendazole when they learn it is “horse or dog medicine”. That initial reaction is overcome when genuine human success stories are told including the lack of serious side effects. The testimonials you are about to read are from individuals who have bravely shared their experiences in the hope of inspiring and uplifting others. These are raw human accounts, unfiltered by gatekeepers—not peer-reviewed studies—but they offer insights that may be valuable to those searching for options. However, we acknowledge that robust clinical trials are needed to provide more conclusive scientific evidence. Table of Contents: Editor's Preface Introduction Fenbendazole and Ivermectin Case Series Compilation (alphabetical) Breast Cancer Success Storie...
Read more

Fenbendazole and the Joe Tippens Protocol: A Comprehensive Guide (2025)

By Editorial Team
Image
The Joe Tippens Cancer Protocol has gained attention as an alternative approach to cancer treatment, popularized by Joe Tippens, a cancer survivor who credits his recovery to fenbendazole, a veterinary anthelmintic, combined with supplements. This article provides a step-by-step guide to the protocol, explores its scientific basis, shares case reports, and discusses risks and controversies to help readers make informed decisions. What is the Joe Tippens Protocol? The Joe Tippens Protocol involves fenbendazole, a drug typically used to treat parasitic infections in animals, alongside supplements and lifestyle changes. The protocol aims to disrupt cancer cell growth, though it remains experimental and lacks approval for human use by regulatory bodies like the FDA. Below is a summary of the protocol’s components, as updated in 2020: Lifestyle Recommendations : Diet : Eliminate refined sugars and processed foods; focus on whole foods like vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Exerci...
Read more

Fenbendazole Dosage for Cancer in Humans: Benefits, Risks, and Guidelines (2025)

By Editorial Team
Image
What is Fenbendazole? Fenbendazole is an anthelmintic drug commonly used to treat parasitic infections in animals. However, recent research and anecdotal reports suggest it may have potential anticancer properties in humans. How Does Fenbendazole Work for Cancer? Fenbendazole is believed to work by disrupting microtubules in cancer cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (cell death). Some studies suggest it may also modulate glucose metabolism, limiting cancer cell energy supply. Recommended Fenbendazole Dosage for Cancer in Humans The commonly referenced Joe Tippens Protocol suggests the following dosage: Potential Side Effects of Fenbendazole in Humans While generally considered safe, potential side effects may include: Gastrointestinal discomfort (nausea, diarrhea, bloating) Liver enzyme elevation (rare) Bone marrow suppression (rare) Safety and Precautions Medical Supervision: Always consult with a doctor, especially if combining with other treatments. Drug Interaction...
Read more

Fact Check: Can Ivermectin and Fenbendazole Help Treat Cancer?

By Editorial Team
Image
Ivermectin and fenbendazole, originally developed as antiparasitic drugs, are sparking hope in the fight against cancer, fueled by inspiring stories like those shared by actor  Mel Gibson on The Joe Rogan Experience , where he celebrated friends’ remarkable recoveries. While these medications aren’t yet standard cancer treatments, early research is uncovering exciting potential. Scientists are encouraged by promising lab studies and are calling for more clinical trials to confirm their effectiveness and ensure safe use in humans, paving the way for innovative, accessible therapies that could transform lives. Introduction and Context According to a January 22, 2025 fact-check article by AFP: "The anti-parasitic drugs ivermectin and fenbendazole are not currently recommended for cancer, but posts spread across social media touting the medications after actor  Mel Gibson claimed on the Joe Rogan Experience  that they cured his friends' cases of the disease. Oncology ex...
Read more

How One Cancer Survivor Triggered Interest in Repurposed Anti-Parasitic Drugs

By Editorial Team
Image
Joe Tippens never planned to discover a potential remedy that he credits with saving his life and thrust him into the spotlight among notable cancer survivors. The 67-year-old businessman told The Epoch Times he just wanted to beat a type of cancer with an extremely low survival rate. In August 2016, Tippens was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer with a fist-sized tumor. After undergoing chemotherapy and radiation five times a week in Houston, the large tumor in his left lung was eliminated. However, Tippens said the treatments came closer to killing him than curing him. When he returned home to Oklahoma after the New Year, he received devastating news. His oncologist told him he had zero chance of surviving for more than a few months. “In January of 2017, my PET scan lit up like a Christmas tree and I had wide metastasis everywhere, including in my neck, bones, pancreas, and liver,” Tippens said. Finding a Lifeline Facing a prognosis of three months to live, Tippens heard an intrig...
Read more

2025 Study: Ivermectin and Balstilimab for Stage 4 Triple Negative Breast Cancer - Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Study

By Editorial Team
Image
Authors: Yuan Yuan, Jin Sun Bitar, MaLia Walker, David Lin, January Lee, So Yung Choi, Stephen Shiao, Mourad Tighiouart, Paul H. Frankel, Peter P. Lee Affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA Abstract e13146  (2025 ASCO Annual Meeting) is a phase 1/2 study of ivermectin in combination with balstilimab after 1-2 prior lines of therapy for triple negative breast cancer Background: Despite recent FDA approval of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), therapeutic options for metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) remain limited. Preclinical data showed that ivermectin induces robust T cell infiltration into breast tumors and turning “cold” tumors “hot” in mouse model of TNBC. Balstilimab is a fully humanized IgG4 anti-PD-1 agent with proven safety and efficacy in metastatic cervical cancer. The current phase I/II trial is designed to test the safety and efficacy of the combination of ivermectin and balstilimab in patients wit...
Read more