Personalized Oncology vs N=1 Oncology: Evolution from Precision Medicine to Individualized Cancer Care
Abstract The emergence of precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment by enabling therapies tailored to specific molecular characteristics. Personalized oncology, primarily driven by genomic and biomarker-guided interventions, has improved outcomes across multiple malignancies. However, substantial inter-patient variability in treatment response, resistance mechanisms, tumor evolution, immune interactions, and metabolic adaptations continues to challenge conventional precision oncology models. This has led to increasing interest in N=1 oncology, an individualized approach that treats each patient as a unique biological system and continuously adapts therapeutic strategies based on longitudinal clinical and molecular data. This review examines the conceptual differences between personalized oncology and N=1 oncology, explores their respective strengths and limitations, and discusses the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI), multi-omics profiling, liquid biopsy technolo...