Cancer Biomarker Map for Fenbendazole, Mebendazole and Ivermectin: A Comparative Mechanistic Analysis for Precision Oncology (2026)
Comparative evidence review • Experimental oncology • Biomarker hypothesis generation Abstract Background: Antiparasitic drugs have attracted interest as potential repurposed anticancer compounds because several demonstrate cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, metabolic, anti-angiogenic or signaling effects in experimental cancer models. Fenbendazole and mebendazole are benzimidazole anthelmintics with overlapping microtubule-related pharmacology, whereas ivermectin is a macrocyclic lactone with a substantially different molecular profile. A simple “antiparasitic drugs kill cancer cells” framework, however, obscures potentially important genotype and phenotype dependencies. Objective: To construct a comparative cancer biomarker map for fenbendazole (FBZ), mebendazole (MBZ), and ivermectin (IVM), focusing on TP53, MDM2, MDM4/MDMX, KRAS, EGFR, MYC, BRAF, RB1, CDKN2A, GLUT1, HK2, PAK1, YAP1, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and related cellular phenotypes. Methods: Experimental, tr...